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Phonological Rules about the influence of adjacent phonemes on the Realisation of Preceding and Succeeding phonemes and suffixes




Phonological Rules about the effect of adjacent phonemes on the preceding or succeeding phonemes

1. When /t/ and /d/ are followed by /i/ or /j/, they become palatalised under the effect of these vowels. As a result, /t/ becomes very much like /tʃ/ as in institution and , /d/ like /dʒ/ as in education.
2. When /k/ is followed by /i/ or /j/, it becomes prevelar.
3. When /k/ is followed by /i:/, it assumes a slightly advanced velar variety and when it is followed by /u/ or /u:/, it assumes a slightly retracted velar variety.

Phonological rules regarding the effect of preceding phonemes on the realisation of suffixes

1. Realisation of the plural morpheme (s or es), the third person singular verb morpheme (s or es), the possessive morpheme (apostrophe s) and the contracted 'is' or 'has'.

i. When these morphemes follow / tʃ, dʒ, s, z, ʃ or ʒ/, they are realised as / ɪz/ as in matches, washes, and the house’s window. 
Similarly the is in ‘The match is’ when contracted is pronounced as /iz/  and 'has' in 'he has' when contracted is pronounced as /iz/.

ii. When they follow any voiceless consonant other than the mentioned in i or a vowel, they are realised as /s/.   Guests, Works, Cock’s tail, That’s = that is, or
The bat's = The bat has

iii. When they follow any voiced consonant or a vowel other than those mentioned in i, they are realised as /z/. Dogs, Reads, Dog’s = of the dog, The dog’s = The dog is, He's =He has

2. Realisation of the past and past participle morpheme d or ed in regular English verbs

i. When the verb ends in /t/ or /d/, this morpheme is realised as / ɪd/ as in waited, or added

ii. When the verb ends in a voiceless consonant other than /t/, it is realised as /t/ as in guessed or washed.

iii. When the verb ends in a voiced consonant other than /d/ or in a vowel, it is realised as /d/ as in grabbed, bagged, flowed


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